One of the most versatile SSL tools is OpenSSL which is an open source implementation of the SSL protocol. There are versions of OpenSSL for nearly every platform, including Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. OpenSSL is commonly used to create the CSR and private key for many different platforms, including Apache. However, it also has hundreds of different functions that allow you to view the details of a CSR or certificate, compare an MD5 hash of the certificate and private key (to make sure they match), verify that a certificate is installed properly on any website, and convert the certificate to a different format. A compiled version of OpenSSL for Windows can be found here.
This is why there must be a special procedure for creating the keys for an asymmetric encryption algorithm, but symmetric algorithms can usually use any piece of random data as a key. The only requirement is usually that the key is long enough for the algorithm to work. PKCS#8 files are self-describing, and PKCS#8 private key files contain the public key, so a single command can output all the public properties for any private key. WARNING: By default OpenSSL's command line tool will output the value of the private key, even when you ask for it to output the public metadata; the -noout parameter suppresses this.
If you don't want to bother with OpenSSL, you can do many of the same things with our SSL Certificate Tools. Below, we have listed the most common OpenSSL commands and their usage:
General OpenSSL Commands
Steam account generator online. These commands allow you to generate CSRs, Certificates, Private Keys and do other miscellaneous tasks.
- Generate a new private key and Certificate Signing Request
- Generate a self-signed certificate (see How to Create and Install an Apache Self Signed Certificate for more info)
- Generate a certificate signing request (CSR) for an existing private key
- Generate a certificate signing request based on an existing certificate
- Remove a passphrase from a private key
Checking Using OpenSSL
If you need to check the information within a Certificate, CSR or Private Key, use these commands. You can also check CSRs and check certificates using our online tools.
- Check a Certificate Signing Request (CSR)
- Check a private key
- Check a certificate
- Check a PKCS#12 file (.pfx or .p12)
Debugging Using OpenSSL
If you are receiving an error that the private doesn't match the certificate or that a certificate that you installed to a site is not trusted, try one of these commands. If you are trying to verify that an SSL certificate is installed correctly, be sure to check out the SSL Checker.
- Check an MD5 hash of the public key to ensure that it matches with what is in a CSR or private key
- Check an SSL connection. All the certificates (including Intermediates) should be displayed
Converting Using OpenSSL
These commands allow you to convert certificates and keys to different formats to make them compatible with specific types of servers or software. For example, you can convert a normal PEM file that would work with Apache to a PFX (PKCS#12) file and use it with Tomcat or IIS. Use our SSL Converter to convert certificates without messing with OpenSSL.
- Convert a DER file (.crt .cer .der) to PEM
- Convert a PEM file to DER
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Convert a PKCS#12 file (.pfx .p12) containing a private key and certificates to PEM
You can add -nocerts to only output the private key or add -nokeys to only output the certificates.
- Convert a PEM certificate file and a private key to PKCS#12 (.pfx .p12)
Originally posted on Sun Jan 13, 2008
Openssl Command Generate Symmetric Keyboard
How to Generate a Symmetric Key byUsing the dd Command
A key is needed to encrypt files and to generate the MAC of a file.The key should be derived from a random pool of numbers.
If your site has a random number generator,use the generator. Otherwise, you can use the dd commandwith the Solaris /dev/urandom device as input. For moreinformation, see the dd(1M) manpage.
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Determine the key length that your algorithm requires.
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Listthe available algorithms.
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Determine the key length in bytes to pass to the dd command.Divide the minimum and maximum key sizes by 8. When the minimumand maximum key sizes are different, intermediate key sizes are possible.For example, the value 8, 16, or 64 can be passed to the dd commandfor the sha1_hmac and md5_hmac functions.
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Generate the symmetric key.
- if=file
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Is the input file. For a random key, use the /dev/urandom file.
- of=keyfile
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Is the output file that holds the generated key.
- bs=n
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Is the key size in bytes. For the length in bytes, dividethe key length in bits by 8.
- count=n
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Is the count of the input blocks. The number for n shouldbe 1.
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Store your key in a protected directory.The key fileshould not be readable by anyone but the user.
Example 14–1 Creating a Key for the AES Algorithm
In the following example, a secret key for the AES algorithm is created.The key is also stored for later decryption. AES mechanisms use a 128-bitkey. The key is expressed as 16 bytes in the dd command.
Example 14–2 Creating a Key for the DES Algorithm
![Generate Generate](/uploads/1/2/6/0/126040547/143752074.jpg)
In the following example, a secret key for the DES algorithm is created.The key is also stored for later decryption. DES mechanisms use a 64-bit key.The key is expressed as 8 bytes in the dd command.
Example 14–3 Creating a Key for the 3DES Algorithm
![Command Command](/uploads/1/2/6/0/126040547/613163564.png)
In the following example, a secret key for the 3DES algorithm is created.The key is also stored for later decryption. 3DES mechanisms use a 192-bitkey. The key is expressed as 24 bytes in the dd command.
Example 14–4 Creating a Key for the MD5 Algorithm
Openssl Generate Key File
In the following example, a secret key for the MD5 algorithm is created.The key is also stored for later decryption. The key is expressed as 64 bytesin the dd command.